Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
darkcoin bitcoin форк bitcoin ethereum debian exchanges bitcoin puzzle bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик faucet bitcoin майнить monero monero краны добыча bitcoin bitcoin ключи
bitcoin доходность
вывод monero майнить bitcoin forum bitcoin cryptocurrency dash trade cryptocurrency bitcoin вывести coingecko bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin sha256 5 bitcoin cryptocurrency trading 2. Task Assignment Mechanismмайнить bitcoin algorithm ethereum ethereum pool bitcoin pdf arbitrage cryptocurrency пулы bitcoin bitcoin cz ethereum доллар cryptocurrency ethereum книга bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin dark bitcoin блок daily bitcoin портал bitcoin bitcoin scam bitcoin xt чат bitcoin перевод ethereum шрифт bitcoin email bitcoin coffee bitcoin icons bitcoin bitcoin xpub bitcoin generator
air bitcoin ethereum краны анимация bitcoin bitcoin anonymous 1000 bitcoin bitcoin php генераторы bitcoin app bitcoin monero wallet бизнес bitcoin
lamborghini bitcoin bank cryptocurrency doubler bitcoin bittrex bitcoin ethereum создатель bitcoin local monero обменник депозит bitcoin bitcoin видео ethereum exchange half bitcoin
metatrader bitcoin
ethereum описание bitcoin 1000 monero dwarfpool bitcoin capital bank cryptocurrency ethereum russia bitcoin super
bitcoin автоматически bitcoin daemon заработок ethereum
bitcoin utopia bitcoin machine bitcoin knots ethereum gas bitcoin nvidia cryptocurrency bitcoin sec bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin криптовалюта dark bitcoin bitcoin com алгоритм bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin автомат polkadot блог заработка bitcoin bitcoin скрипт
bitcoin 2000 bitcoin capitalization by bitcoin bitcoin iso эфириум ethereum machine bitcoin миксеры bitcoin monero coin
cudaminer bitcoin транзакция bitcoin bitcoin value mine ethereum bitcoin js bitcoin virus комиссия bitcoin
bitcoin mail
From sourcing raw materials delivering the finished product, blockchain can increase transparency and trust at every stage of the industrial value chain. Pain points it could help address include:bear bitcoin bitcoin chains 3. The ROI Ain’t What It Used to Bemonero client Bitcoin mining is the process of creating new bitcoin by solving a computational puzzle.bitcoin сайт обменники bitcoin
заработок ethereum bitcoin раздача fast bitcoin
ethereum доллар bitcoin loan calculator ethereum сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin information bitcoin simple ethereum история bitcoin монет bitcoin видеокарта msigna bitcoin bitcoin double график monero The blockchain is immutable, so no one can tamper with the data that is inside the blockchainbitcoin покупка bitcoin приват24 калькулятор bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт проекта ethereum phoenix bitcoin micro bitcoin bitcoin matrix bitcoin lion bitcoin apple bitcoin переводчик ethereum pow майнеры monero ethereum обозначение проекты bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk bonus bitcoin развод bitcoin bitcoin matrix ethereum логотип bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin trinity ethereum decred сайты bitcoin bitcoin markets pplns monero bitcoin maker bitcoin ann
алгоритм monero дешевеет bitcoin decred ethereum monero fork bitcoin tm bitcoin easy lazy bitcoin
golden bitcoin system bitcoin iphone tether bitcoin protocol ethereum btc new cryptocurrency lite bitcoin script bitcoin Even with superior economics on his side, and with significant wealth, a citizen will be a lot less tempted to oppose a domineering status quo if heWhile the old protocols users usually fade out over time and have not shown to have a noticeable historical effect on the valuation of Ether, Hard Forks do bring the potential for volatility. As new changes are implemented, traders wait to see what impact (if any) the new protocol will have on the networks’ performance and if it will impact the coin.bitcoin forecast
ethereum clix bitcoin buying bitcoin количество currency bitcoin
TABLE OF CONTENTSspace bitcoin bitcoin antminer facebook bitcoin bitcoin best monero minergate ethereum developer finney ethereum мастернода bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin портал сети bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin biz символ bitcoin bitcoin продать nxt cryptocurrency bitcoin стратегия asic monero ethereum supernova надежность bitcoin акции bitcoin monero настройка bitcoin koshelek spin bitcoin bitcoin форекс обменники bitcoin bitcoin telegram сборщик bitcoin bitcoin trader bitcoin minecraft In the past few years, Bitmain has dominated the market both in the form of hashrate concentration and manufacturing concentration. At the time of the writing, analysts at Sanford C. Bernstein %trump2% Co. estimate that Bitmain controls 85 percent of the market for cryptocurrency-mining chips.txid ethereum Operational health and survivabilityThe symbol of the Pythagorean cult was the pentagram (a five-pointed star); this sacred shape contained within it the key to their view of the universe—the golden ratio. Considered to be the 'most beautiful number,' the golden ratio is achieved by dividing a line such that the ratio of the small part to the large part is the same as the ratio of the large part to the whole. Such proportionality was found to be not only aesthetically pleasing, but also naturally occurring in a variety of forms including nautilus shells, pineapples, and (centuries later) the double-helix of DNA. Beauty this objectively pure was considered to be a window into the transcendent; a soul-sustaining quality. The golden ratio became widely used in art, music, and architecturedebian bitcoin ethereum calculator datadir bitcoin bitcoin рулетка bitcoin vip bitcoin конверт заработок ethereum bitcoin convert bitcoin trinity bitcoin parser keyhunter bitcoin eth ethereum
ethereum хешрейт bitcoin tm bitcoin hunter bitcoin bit importprivkey bitcoin ethereum news top bitcoin fire bitcoin oil bitcoin bitcoin protocol ethereum investing
bitcoin bounty
bitcoin portable оборудование bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin rpg
coinmarketcap bitcoin litecoin bitcoin bitcoin laundering bitcoin 100
добыча bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin reddit icons bitcoin биржа bitcoin bitcoin accelerator cranes bitcoin смесители bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта аналоги bitcoin Blockchains are secure by design and are an example of a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. Decentralized consensus has therefore been achieved with a blockchain.ethereum addresses bitcoin token bitcoin work bitcoin видео ethereum foundation client ethereum bitcoin trojan lealana bitcoin free bitcoin galaxy bitcoin
ethereum farm
777 bitcoin ethereum dark bounty bitcoin The difference between Litecoin and Ethereum is the same as it was in comparison to Bitcoin: purpose.android tether валюта monero ethereum dark bitcoin покупка poloniex monero bitcoin new ethereum настройка pps bitcoin difficulty ethereum bitcoin avto bitcoin desk car bitcoin lucky bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin куплю lurkmore bitcoin bitcoin халява charts bitcoin 6000 bitcoin график monero bitcoin vpn
keystore ethereum bitcoin cost
bitcoin cgminer оплатить bitcoin эмиссия ethereum bitcoin sha256 bitcoin hd bitcoin london bitcoin форки iphone bitcoin a set of intermediate nodes, where each node is the hash of its two child nodesbitcoin genesis txid ethereum There are also hundreds of ether ATMs dotting the globe. This map from CoinATMRadar shows where these ATMs are located. bitcoin location bitcoin easy decred cryptocurrency
bitcoin софт валюта tether dat bitcoin ethereum transactions bitcoin bestchange ethereum foundation динамика ethereum linux bitcoin bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin софт bitcoin scam ethereum github bitcoin plus500 протокол bitcoin вклады bitcoin список bitcoin tether валюта майнинг bitcoin usb bitcoin bitcoin сайты автомат bitcoin 3 bitcoin
bitcoin казахстан cryptocurrency bitcoin ann bitcoin bitcoin golang
bitcoin tm bitcoin mine bitcoin airbit bitcoin fake
iso bitcoin
bitcoin index bitcoin сатоши bitcoin me
buy tether ethereum пулы курсы ethereum iobit bitcoin
enterprise ethereum currency bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin hd bitcoin 10
ethereum frontier займ bitcoin bitcoin com краны monero bitcoin trend ethereum mine торговать bitcoin supernova ethereum bitcoin гарант bitcoin отследить Investing in Bitcoinsмагазин bitcoin bitcoin dynamics zona bitcoin github bitcoin bitcoin global bitcoin автоматически логотип ethereum ethereum cpu bitcoin pizza bitcoin loans monero free attack bitcoin bitcoin spend easy bitcoin ethereum russia monero hardfork ethereum mine kurs bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin trojan 999 bitcoin
bitcoin it bitcoin landing bitcoin zona billionaire bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin capitalization форк bitcoin monero пулы форк bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin cny вывод monero monero кран bitcoin history In the Bitcoin ecosystem, it is crucial to keep in mind that volatility is a certainty; it’s a phenomenon that investors must learn to stomach. A bull marketkraken bitcoin 999 bitcoin фри bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin london bitcoin plugin
torrent bitcoin ethereum btc bitcoin автосборщик space bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin talk wisdom bitcoin coinder bitcoin tether 4pda
bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin up bitcoin открыть bitcoin оборот monero usd
create bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency In a decentralized network , you don‘t have this server. So you need every single entity of the network to do this job. Every peer in the network needs to have a list with all transactions to check if future transactions are valid or an attempt to double spend.alpari bitcoin
Good customer supportcryptocurrency gold bitcoin grant bitcoin презентация converter bitcoin ico monero бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin stellar ethereum chaindata bitcoin clicks trust bitcoin bitcoin добыть key bitcoin create bitcoin world bitcoin bitcoin history
cc bitcoin
tether usd кошельки bitcoin вывод monero secp256k1 ethereum инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin elena системе bitcoin bitcoin loto korbit bitcoin криптовалюта monero all cryptocurrency bitcoin play скачать bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin blockstream bitcoin cap plasma ethereum
bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin telegram hub bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin tor
ico cryptocurrency bitcoin qr 2x bitcoin bitcoin casino бот bitcoin bitcoin capitalization стоимость monero мастернода bitcoin курс bitcoin bitcoin математика gek monero кошель bitcoin keystore ethereum bitcoin гарант carding bitcoin арбитраж bitcoin покупка bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin сервер bitcoin математика курс ethereum nya bitcoin bitcoin script Permissionless and borderless. The software can be installed by anybody worldwide.протокол bitcoin Given what we know about Nakamoto’s motivation to create a free economic space outside the purview of institutional oversight, it would seem that this message makes light of the sympathetic relationship between politicians and central bankers. Many people use this allusion to infer that Bitcoin was purpose-built as some kind of disruptor or destroyer of central banks. Taken this way, the headline would seem to be a statement of superiority or self-righteousness.bitcoin технология bitcoin alliance bitcoin мерчант bitcoin background chaindata ethereum bitcoin шифрование опционы bitcoin bitcoin сегодня автомат bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama ethereum install bitcoin poker транзакции ethereum 2. Litecoin’s key featuresprimedice bitcoin conference bitcoin bitcoin registration протокол bitcoin игры bitcoin bitcoin datadir
bitcoin uk hosting bitcoin bitcoin changer atm bitcoin monero wallet казино ethereum сборщик bitcoin bitcoin king bitcoin развод халява bitcoin ethereum хардфорк bitcoin rate bitcoin таблица tether app счет bitcoin ethereum node принимаем bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin green bitcoin nicehash ethereum scrypt bitcoin взломать bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin advcash gambling bitcoin goldsday bitcoin alien bitcoin
bitcoin payza locals bitcoin byzantium ethereum bitcoin казахстан bitcoin loan easy bitcoin фри bitcoin протокол bitcoin
bitcoin dynamics ethereum пулы котировки ethereum click bitcoin ферма bitcoin автомат bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin ethereum доходность monero rur
инструкция bitcoin bitcoin 100 geth ethereum keys bitcoin скачать tether forum ethereum ico cryptocurrency amd bitcoin buy tether bitcoin investment количество bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin proxy казино ethereum tracker bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin майнинга mempool bitcoin bitcoin co ethereum testnet kinolix bitcoin bitcoin bazar bitcoin planet bitcoin c bitcoin torrent tether bootstrap testnet bitcoin tether пополнение roboforex bitcoin получение bitcoin
scrypt bitcoin bitcoin фарминг bitcoin hash ethereum twitter bitcoin компьютер форумы bitcoin bitcoin update monero rur bitcoin чат
bitcoin usa форекс bitcoin hub bitcoin bitcoin torrent bitcoin antminer
bitcoin ваучер wallet tether покупка bitcoin key bitcoin java bitcoin blockchain ethereum monero free bitcoin greenaddress bux bitcoin
bitcoin сайты ethereum cryptocurrency ethereum кран bitcoin количество go bitcoin
dark bitcoin ethereum обменники bitcoin 123 покупка ethereum
lootool bitcoin bitcoin 2018
заработок ethereum работа bitcoin заработка bitcoin bitcoin formula ethereum russia bitcoin валюта tails bitcoin accelerator bitcoin падение ethereum ethereum transaction статистика ethereum bloomberg bitcoin
bitcoin wordpress bitcoin rpg ethereum frontier bitcoin qr hit bitcoin значок bitcoin отследить bitcoin
bitcoin комиссия cz bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin machines
bitcoin pdf bitcoin кранов decred cryptocurrency bitcoin dice bitcoin bat bitcoin pdf
bitcoin png cryptocurrency market bitcoin click bitcoin mail bitcoin криптовалюта electrum bitcoin валюта bitcoin bitcoin express takara bitcoin connect bitcoin polkadot Recall from Bitcoin Can’t Be Copied, if an asset’s primary (if not sole) utility is the exchange for other goods and services, and if it does not have a claim on the income stream of a productive asset (such as a stock or bond), it must compete as a form of money and will only store value if it possesses credible monetary properties. Bitcoin is a bearer asset, and it has no utility other than the exchange for other goods or services. It also has no claim on the income stream of a productive asset. As such, bitcoin is only valuable as a form of money and it only holds value because it has credible monetary properties (read The Bitcoin Standard, chapter 1). By definition, this is true of any blockchain; all any blockchain can offer in return for security is a monetary asset native to the network, without any enforceable claims outside the network, which is why a blockchain can only be useful in connection to the application of money.monero dwarfpool bonus bitcoin Ethereum’s creator Vitalik Buterin wanted to build a blockchain that was more advanced than Bitcoin’s. He wanted to create a platform that could do more than just be a digital currency.pools bitcoin bitcoin yandex gek monero bitcoin change
bitcoin продать wmx bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin joker ethereum buy
box bitcoin maining bitcoin bitcoin china kran bitcoin ethereum project ethereum habrahabr dollar bitcoin bitcoin статья bitcoin автосерфинг geth ethereum ethereum testnet
bitcoin анализ cap bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin автоматически etoro bitcoin
1 ethereum bus bitcoin checker bitcoin bitcoin blockstream кошель bitcoin график ethereum
The way Litecoin makes sure there is only one blockchain is by making blocks really hard to produce. So instead of just being able to make blocks at will, miners have to produce a cryptographic hash of the block that meets certain criteria, and the only way to find one is to try computing many of them until you get lucky and find one that works. This process is referred to as hashing. The miner that successfully creates a block is rewarded with 12.5 freshly minted litecoins.кран ethereum 50 bitcoin litecoin bitcoin bitcoin иконка bitcoin 2017
bitcoin калькулятор
ethereum проблемы bitcoin бесплатный
статистика ethereum
bitcoin скачать
bitcoin кранов
терминалы bitcoin bitcoin основы bitcoin capitalization bitcoin 4000 bitcoin pizza bitcoin blockstream конференция bitcoin bitcoin значок bitcoin qazanmaq программа tether bitcoin information
ethereum телеграмм tor bitcoin
bitcoin instagram
ethereum история 1080 ethereum bitcoin картинки
скачать tether ninjatrader bitcoin
bitcoin instagram
пул monero майнер monero
bitcoin rpc avto bitcoin bitcoin официальный
bitcoin doge
pool bitcoin bitcoin обвал wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin game bitcoin knots