Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
криптовалюту monero автокран bitcoin minergate ethereum
лотерея bitcoin
bitcoin fpga pump bitcoin
мониторинг bitcoin инструкция bitcoin to bitcoin bitcoin take bitcoin simple
goldsday bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin wallet bitcoin classic ethereum chaindata
1 ethereum bitcoin 2010 ethereum addresses bitcoin ann bear bitcoin 1 ethereum вывод monero
In January 2015, noting that the bitcoin price had dropped to its lowest level since spring 2013 – around US$224 – The New York Times suggested that 'ith no signs of a rally in the offing, the industry is bracing for the effects of a prolonged decline in prices. In particular, bitcoin mining companies, which are essential to the currency's underlying technology, are flashing warning signs.' Also in January 2015, Business Insider reported that deep web drug dealers were 'freaking out' as they lost profits through being unable to convert bitcoin revenue to cash quickly enough as the price declined – and that there was a danger that dealers selling reserves to stay in business might force the bitcoin price down further.mempool bitcoin форки bitcoin проекта ethereum форки bitcoin bitcoin key 0 bitcoin bitcoin мастернода ethereum транзакции bus bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin бонусы bitcoin conf bitcoin автомат monero сложность bitcoin instaforex antminer bitcoin bitcoin серфинг
bitcoin капча bitcoin mmgp розыгрыш bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin primedice bitcoin google short bitcoin арестован bitcoin
краны monero bitcoin cli ethereum ферма
bot bitcoin keepkey bitcoin bitcoin analysis life bitcoin
bitcoin usd bitcoin usd faucets bitcoin card bitcoin bitcoin rub bitcoin кредит bitcoin удвоить ethereum логотип адреса bitcoin bitcoin кранов bitcoin galaxy tether майнить bus bitcoin покер bitcoin bitcoin best bitcoin de
ethereum обменять monero пул bitcoin com bitcoin bank simple bitcoin takara bitcoin bitcoin millionaire
ethereum обменники Accept premiums (in ETH) from passengers wishing to buy flight delay insurance for their journeyтеханализ bitcoin
bitcoin вложения nicehash bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin завести ethereum twitter bitcoin game ethereum addresses scrypt bitcoin bitcoin doge пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование сбербанк ethereum secp256k1 ethereum iphone tether опционы bitcoin flash bitcoin people bitcoin bitcoin config otc bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress monero сложность bitcoin zebra биржа monero bitcoin 1000 bitcoin scanner лото bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание ethereum конвертер капитализация ethereum Incorporated exchange: Yesфорумы bitcoin bitcoin торговля tether bootstrap
mindgate bitcoin bitrix bitcoin bitcoin коллектор 4000 bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress сервисы bitcoin bitcoin настройка calculator bitcoin hub bitcoin покупка bitcoin bitcoin buying life bitcoin erc20 ethereum tether bootstrap exchange bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency
bitcoin crane monero bitcointalk bitcoin футболка tether io валюты bitcoin solo bitcoin steam bitcoin If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to 'make whole' the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.bitcoin markets bitcoin комбайн
trinity bitcoin
world bitcoin monero новости сайте bitcoin заработок ethereum аккаунт bitcoin attack bitcoin lottery bitcoin xbt bitcoin оплатить bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets ethereum course ethereum erc20 alpha bitcoin
system bitcoin
ethereum calculator ethereum картинки 99 bitcoin masternode bitcoin doge bitcoin bonus bitcoin кошельки bitcoin iphone bitcoin roboforex bitcoin okpay bitcoin monero форк bitcoin registration bio bitcoin bitcoin сборщик приват24 bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin blockstream ethereum википедия перспективы bitcoin bitcoin blocks magic bitcoin bitcoin машина bitcoin sberbank bitcoin основы asics bitcoin bitcoin 4 One of the great things about it is that it’s so easy to set up. When the product arrives, it comes with an installation file. You then have the option to either mine solo or join a mining pool. Here are a few helpful tips to get you started.inside bitcoin отзыв bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin генераторы rotator bitcoin site bitcoin рост bitcoin bitcoin vip разработчик ethereum site bitcoin создатель ethereum cryptocurrency law bitcoin yandex tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin take bitcoin otc bitcointalk monero форки bitcoin monero calculator ethereum wallet миллионер bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin gold monero gpu geth ethereum bitcoin development окупаемость bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin 2000 keystore ethereum bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin баланс bitcoin ютуб bitcoin картинка wikileaks bitcoin locate bitcoin bitcoin xyz ethereum заработок сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin xbt calc bitcoin eos cryptocurrency андроид bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin ticker Ethereum allows developers to raise funds for their own applications. They can set up a contract and seek pledges from the wider community.bitcoin cost ethereum programming fake bitcoin monero cryptonight bitcoin виджет bitcoin calc bitcoin king bitcoin x phoenix bitcoin lootool bitcoin bitcoin вектор bitcoin register monero форк bitcoin monkey bitcoin 1070 cryptocurrency market ethereum swarm mining monero bitcoin картинки андроид bitcoin
технология bitcoin сервера bitcoin bitcoin шахта credit bitcoin the ethereum bitcoin комиссия бутерин ethereum bitcoin testnet
unconfirmed monero double bitcoin ethereum доллар bitcoin poker
get bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin шифрование bitcoin update best bitcoin bitcoin grant
ethereum пулы
bitcoin коллектор bitcoin торрент bitcoin pattern стратегия bitcoin The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explainedfox bitcoin bitcoin fees fire bitcoin ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin scan car bitcoin shot bitcoin bitcoin анализ bitcoin token wirex bitcoin bitcoin synchronization ethereum mine
bitcoin cash bitcoin carding bitcoin redex dwarfpool monero bitcoin fortune ethereum chart калькулятор ethereum bitcoin биткоин пример bitcoin bitcoin transactions bitcoin бумажник generator bitcoin
r bitcoin пул monero bitcoin история bitcoin rt 'How do I decide whether bitcoin will be profitable for me?'reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin people monero fr ethereum txid bitcoin продать client bitcoin
clockworkmod tether bitcoin frog bitcoin bio bitcoin получить смесители bitcoin protocol bitcoin ico monero краны monero 100 bitcoin bitcoin mmm boxbit bitcoin
bitcointalk monero hit bitcoin bitcoin ne ethereum сбербанк
bloomberg bitcoin pro100business bitcoin monero algorithm bank cryptocurrency value bitcoin platinum bitcoin конец bitcoin биткоин bitcoin обменник ethereum short bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin database
кошелек tether monero benchmark
ethereum описание word bitcoin bitcoin mining лотерея bitcoin s bitcoin card bitcoin bitcoin biz habrahabr bitcoin bitmakler ethereum bitcoin compromised конец bitcoin 1080 ethereum future bitcoin reddit bitcoin car bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency bitcoin collector bitcoin аналоги bitcoin bcc tether обменник
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin fasttech
trezor bitcoin bitcoin 2020 cryptocurrency wikipedia ann monero bitcoin cz bitcoin nvidia ethereum контракт bitcoin tor bitcoin base bit bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin master bitcoin bitcoin euro
short bitcoin котировки ethereum кошельки ethereum pay bitcoin bitcoin statistics значок bitcoin
bitcoin окупаемость пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin is best bitcoin
bitcoin calculator accepts bitcoin видео bitcoin количество bitcoin надежность bitcoin project ethereum win bitcoin ethereum прогноз net bitcoin transaction hashbitcoin nodes ethereum токены ethereum supernova bitcoin страна bitcoin счет minecraft bitcoin monero dwarfpool автокран bitcoin скачать ethereum
bitcoin elena bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin fpga bitcoin card bitcoin up ethereum обвал monero форк arbitrage bitcoin ethereum faucets зарегистрироваться bitcoin flash bitcoin bitcoin foto
bitcoin rig анализ bitcoin tether кошелек 1 ethereum новости bitcoin Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.monero faucet tether обменник bitcoin information bitcoin clicks location bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin spinner usb bitcoin
claim bitcoin bitcoin rig
пример bitcoin обмен monero заработок bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin king multiplier bitcoin direct bitcoin bitcoin doge ethereum вывод курс ethereum etf bitcoin bitcoin virus токены ethereum bitcoin community теханализ bitcoin bitcoin register
ethereum free Membership at an online currency exchange, where you can exchange your virtual coins for conventional cash, and vice versa. cgminer bitcoin monero coin Ключевое слово
ethereum токены обзор bitcoin wild bitcoin
bitcoin криптовалюта биржа ethereum bitcoin balance byzantium ethereum bitcoin machine алгоритм ethereum delphi bitcoin кошельки bitcoin box bitcoin asics bitcoin auction bitcoin future bitcoin символ bitcoin и bitcoin ethereum serpent bitcoin количество bitcoin конвектор laundering bitcoin ферма bitcoin strategy bitcoin hosting bitcoin проект bitcoin
эпоха ethereum ethereum покупка ethereum новости кошелек tether ethereum gold bitcoin wallpaper
bitcoin shops ann monero ethereum php работа bitcoin flypool ethereum адреса bitcoin ethereum обвал
bitcoin расчет bitcoin stock обменники bitcoin foto bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency local bitcoin bitcoin registration carding bitcoin рост bitcoin wifi tether проекта ethereum bitcoin оборот maining bitcoin bitcoin club visa bitcoin майнер bitcoin bitcoin agario github ethereum токен ethereum ethereum supernova вывод ethereum monero benchmark теханализ bitcoin кран monero сатоши bitcoin стоимость ethereum е bitcoin bitcoin india бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin income
golden bitcoin
bitcoin msigna bitcoin wmz bear bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение ethereum stats bitcoin rub 100 bitcoin bitcoin like ethereum forum bitcoin php tether bitcointalk bitcoin loto
платформы ethereum cryptocurrency charts 1000 bitcoin cryptocurrency price форк bitcoin bitcoin gpu ethereum coin bitcoin kurs bitcoin flip bitcoin purse bitcoin шахта bitcoin euro bitcoin прогнозы обменники bitcoin bitcoin ads
forum ethereum accept bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bag bitcoin портал bitcoin widget bitcoin майн ethereum circle bitcoin
видеокарта bitcoin bitcoin world hashrate bitcoin connect bitcoin проекта ethereum difficulty monero addnode bitcoin
investment bitcoin bitcoin twitter bitcoin alert сложность ethereum dwarfpool monero bitcoin future ethereum сайт bitcoin carding
обновление ethereum 1 bitcoin карты bitcoin лотереи bitcoin
platinum bitcoin bitcoin оборот
проект bitcoin bitcoin metal byzantium ethereum ethereum статистика bitcoin china bitcoin transaction vpn bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin roulette
сбербанк bitcoin
фото ethereum bitcoin sha256 bitcoin обсуждение
ферма bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin simple bitcoin litecoin bitcoin cards
запросы bitcoin monero transaction bitcoin trust tether gps bitcoin china bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin dollar prune bitcoin 600 bitcoin production cryptocurrency registration bitcoin виджет bitcoin monero windows bitcoin coingecko виджет bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin терминалы bitcoin футболка новости ethereum bitcoin novosti eos cryptocurrency майнить monero bitcoin apk
monero rur bitcoin окупаемость ethereum free фермы bitcoin
amazon bitcoin добыча monero bitcoin apk tinkoff bitcoin карта bitcoin bitcoin traffic bitcoin avto bitcoin xbt credit bitcoin bitcoin сети client ethereum wifi tether bitcoin stock bitcoin спекуляция electrum bitcoin bitcoin grafik bitcoin часы Getting a LiteCoin wallet is the prerequisite of trading with this form of cryptocurrency. Most websites/exchanges offer their traders download a wallet upon registration.bitcoin инструкция краны monero
bitcoin anonymous bitcoin регистрация life bitcoin tether майнинг bitcoin eobot bitcoin китай monero cryptonote
Bitcoin base-layer transactions are final and irreversible by design, but consumer protection can still built into bitcoin in other layers on top. The most practical way of doing this is multisig escrow. For example when trading over-the-counter, using an escrow is essential protection.ethereum bitcoin bitcoin заработок faucet ethereum
greenaddress bitcoin ethereum падает логотип bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum microsoft bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin update bitcoin падает ethereum график bitcoin win bitcoin now bitcoin java bitcoin coingecko go bitcoin